08 Nov How Do You Treat Periodontal Disease in Cats?
Periodontal disease is one of the most common health issues in cats, affecting over two-thirds of cats by the age of three. This condition, which primarily impacts the gums and structures supporting the teeth, can progress quietly, leading to serious oral pain, tooth loss, and even systemic issues if left untreated. Let’s dive into the causes, progression, symptoms, treatments, and preventive care to help keep your cat’s teeth and gums healthy.
What Causes Periodontal Disease in Cats?
Periodontal disease begins with plaque accumulation. Plaque forms when food particles and bacteria mix on the surface of the teeth, creating a sticky biofilm. Over time, if this plaque isn’t removed, it hardens into tartar, which further irritates the gums and allows bacteria to penetrate deeper. In response to this, the body initiates an inflammatory reaction, causing gingivitis (inflammation of the gums). If untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, where the bacteria infiltrate below the gum line and damage the structures that support the tooth, including the ligaments and bone.
Key factors contributing to periodontal disease include:
- Genetics: Certain breeds, like Abyssinians and Siamese cats, are more predisposed to dental issues.
- Diet: A soft or carbohydrate-rich diet can contribute to faster plaque buildup.
- Age: Older cats are generally more prone to periodontal disease.
- Lack of Dental Care: Without regular cleaning, plaque and tartar can accumulate unchecked.
How Periodontal Disease Progresses
Stage 1: Gingivitis
In the earliest stage, inflammation is limited to the gums. You may notice a slight redness, but often, there’s little or no pain. With proper care, gingivitis can be reversed.
Stage 2: Early Periodontitis
As bacteria invade below the gumline, they start to damage the ligaments that hold the teeth in place. You may notice mild bleeding and bad breath at this stage.
Stage 3: Moderate Periodontitis
At this point, the cat may be experiencing pain, and you might see receding gums, swelling, and heavier bleeding. Bone loss begins, and the gums might appear to pull away from the teeth.
Stage 4: Advanced Periodontitis
This is the most severe stage, with significant bone loss, tooth mobility, and potential abscesses. Oral pain is likely intense, and the cat may stop eating. In advanced cases, untreated, periodontal disease can also impact the heart, kidneys, and liver due to bacteria entering the bloodstream.
Recognizing Symptoms of Periodontal Disease and Oral Pain
Identifying periodontal disease in cats can be challenging since they tend to hide signs of discomfort. However, there are a few telltale signs to look for:
- Bad Breath (halitosis): Persistent bad breath is often one of the first signs of periodontal issues.
- Red, Swollen Gums: Visible inflammation and redness along the gumline can indicate gingivitis.
- Excessive Drooling: Cats with periodontal disease may drool more than usual, sometimes with a slight blood tinge.
- Difficulty Eating or Loss of Appetite: Cats in pain might drop food, chew only on one side, or refuse hard food.
- Behavioral Changes: Cats in pain might hide more, act more irritable, or rub their face more frequently.
- Loose or Missing Teeth: In advanced cases, loose or missing teeth are common, alongside a potential discharge from the gums.
If you notice these symptoms, consult your veterinarian promptly to address the issue and alleviate your cat’s pain.
Treating Periodontal Disease in Cats
The approach to treatment depends on the stage of periodontal disease:
- Professional Dental Cleaning
Under anesthesia, the vet will remove tartar and plaque above and below the gumline. This deep cleaning is essential, as it reaches areas that regular brushing can’t.
- Dental Extractions
In advanced cases where the tooth’s structure is compromised, extraction may be necessary to alleviate pain and prevent further spread of bacteria.
- Antibiotics and Pain Management
In cases of infection, antibiotics sometimes may be prescribed to control bacterial spread. Pain relief medications help ensure your cat remains comfortable throughout recovery.
- Follow-Up Cleanings
Once periodontal disease has been addressed, regular cleanings and check-ups can help prevent recurrence. Your veterinarian will likely recommend annual or semi-annual cleanings for maintenance.
Home Care and Prevention for Periodontal Health
While professional care is critical, home care is just as important in managing and preventing periodontal disease.
- Tooth Brushing
Brushing is the most effective way to prevent plaque buildup. Aim to brush your cat’s teeth daily or at least a few times per week. Use a pet-specific toothpaste (never human toothpaste) and a soft-bristled toothbrush. Start slowly, introducing the brush and toothpaste as a positive experience to increase your cat’s comfort.
- VOHC-Approved Dental Products
The Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC) offers a list of cat dental products that are proven to reduce plaque and tartar. These products include dental chews, water additives, and dental gels that are designed to work alongside brushing. VOHC-approved products provide an additional layer of defense against plaque.
- Dental Diets and Treats
Some cat foods are formulated specifically to promote dental health. These diets usually consist of larger kibble with a texture that helps scrub plaque from the teeth as the cat chews. They also often contain ingredients that reduce plaque formation.
- Regular Veterinary Check-Ups
Annual dental exams allow your vet to catch signs of periodontal disease early. Cats over three years old benefit from routine cleanings and exams to maintain optimal dental health.
Final Thoughts
Periodontal disease in cats is preventable and manageable with a combination of professional care and diligent home maintenance. By staying vigilant about your cat’s oral health and investing time in regular brushing, dental exams, and VOHC-recommended products, you can significantly reduce the risk of periodontal disease and the pain associated with it.
With proper care, you’ll help your cat maintain not only a healthy mouth but a happier, pain-free life.
Images used under creative commons license – commercial use (11/8/2024) Image by cat823 from Pixabay